Livie & Luca Baby Ruche Light Pink Shimmer

Married woman of Roman emperor Augustus and mother of emperor Tiberius

Julia Augusta

Livia Drusilla
Julia Augusta
Bust, National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Roman empress
Tenure	16 January 27 BC – 19 Baronial Advertizing fourteen
Built-in	30 Jan 59 BC[1] Rome, Italia, Roman Republic
Died	28 September AD 29 (anile 87) Rome, Italy, Roman Empire
Burial	Mausoleum of Augustus
Spouse	Tiberius Claudius Nero Emperor Augustus
Outcome	Emperor Tiberius Nero Claudius Drusus
Dynasty	Julio-Claudian
Begetter	Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus
Mother	Alfidia

Livia Drusilla (thirty Jan 59 BC – 28 September Advertising 29) was Roman empress from 27 BC to AD xiv as the wife of Emperor Augustus. She was known as Julia Augusta after her formal adoption into the Julian family in 14 AD.

Livia was the daughter of Roman Senator Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus and his wife Alfidia. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero around 43 BC, and they had two sons, Tiberius and Drusus. In 38 BC, she divorced Tiberius Claudius Nero and married the pol Octavian. The Senate granted Octavian the title Augustus in 27 BC, effectively making him emperor. Livia then became the Roman empress. In this role, she served as an influential confidant of her married man and was rumored to take been responsible for the deaths of a number of Augustus' relatives, including his grandson Agrippa Postumus. Augustus somewhen adopted her son Tiberius as his heir.

After Augustus died in Advertizement 14, Tiberius became emperor. Livia continued to exert political influence as the mother of the emperor. She died in AD 29. She was the great-grandmother of the emperor Caligula, grandmother of the emperor Claudius, and the great-great-grandmother of the emperor Nero. In Advertizement 42, Livia was deified past Claudius, who acknowledged her championship of Augusta.

Nascence and first marriage to Tiberius Claudius Nero [edit]

Livia Drusilla was born on 30 January 59 BC every bit the girl of Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus by his wife Alfidia. The diminutive Drusilla often found in her name suggests that she was not her male parent's offset daughter.^{[2] [3]} She may take had a brother named Gaius Livius Drusus who had a girl named Livia Pulchra.^[iv] Her father also adopted Marcus Livius Drusus Libo.

She was married effectually 43 BC.^[5] Her father married her to Tiberius Claudius Nero, her cousin of patrician condition who was fighting with him on the side of Julius Caesar's assassins against Octavian. Her begetter committed suicide in the Boxing of Philippi, along with Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus, just her hubby continued fighting confronting Octavian, now on behalf of Mark Antony and his brother Lucius Antonius. Her first child, the time to come emperor Tiberius, was built-in in 42 BC. In forty BC, the family unit was forced to abscond Italy in order to avoid the recriminations of Octavian in the aftermath of the siege of Perusia. They joined with Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompey Magnus, who opposed the triumvirate from his base in Sicily. Afterwards, Livia, her husband Tiberius Nero and their two-year-old son, Tiberius, moved on to Greece.^[6]

Wife to Augustus [edit]

After peace was established between the Triumvirate and the followers of Sextus Pompeius, a full general amnesty was appear, and Livia returned to Rome, where she was personally introduced to Octavian in 39 BC. At this fourth dimension, Livia already had a son, the time to come emperor Tiberius, and was pregnant with the second, Nero Claudius Drusus (also known every bit Drusus the Elder). Fable said that Octavian brutal immediately in love with her, despite the fact that he was still married to Scribonia.^[7] Octavian divorced Scribonia on 30 October 39 BC, the very day that she gave nativity to his daughter Julia the Elder.^[8] Seemingly around that fourth dimension, when Livia was half dozen months meaning, Tiberius Claudius Nero was persuaded or forced past Octavian to divorce Livia. On 14 January, the child was born. Subsequently Octavian received a supposed omen of an eagle dropping a pregnant hen with a laurel branch in her mouth into Livia'south lap. This omen was an indication towards Livia'southward fertility as she had ii sons in her short ii years of marriage to Nero.^[ix] This was ironic as after her outset pregnancy by Augustus (which ended in a stillbirth), she was unable to conceive another child.^[x] Augustus and Livia married on 17 January, waiving the traditional waiting period. Tiberius Claudius Nero was present at the nuptials, giving her in marriage "just as a father would."^[eleven] The importance of the patrician Claudii to Octavian's cause, and the political survival of the Claudii Nerones are probably more rational explanations for the tempestuous wedlock. Nevertheless, Livia and Augustus remained married for the next 51 years, despite the fact that they had no children apart from a single miscarriage. She always enjoyed the status of privileged counselor to her husband, petitioning him on the behalf of others and influencing his policies, an unusual role for a Roman wife in a culture dominated by the pater familias.^[7]

Subsequently Marker Antony'south suicide following the Boxing of Actium in 31 BC, Octavian returned to Rome triumphant; on xvi January 27 BC, the Senate bestowed upon him the honorary title of Augustus ("honorable" or "revered one"). Augustus rejected monarchical titles, instead choosing to refer to himself every bit Princeps Civitatis ("Get-go Citizen of the State") or Princeps Senatus ("Commencement amongst the Senate"). He and Livia formed the part model for Roman households. Despite their wealth and power, Augustus' family continued to live modestly in their house on the Palatine Hill. Livia would fix the design for the noble Roman matrona. She wore neither excessive jewelry nor pretentious costumes; she took care of the household and her hubby (oft making his dress herself), e'er true-blue and dedicated. In 35 BC, Octavian gave Livia the unprecedented laurels of ruling her own finances and dedicated a public statue to her. She owned and finer administered copper mines in Gaul, entire estates of palm groves in Judea, and dozens of papyrus marshes in Egypt. She had her own circle of clients and pushed many protégés into political offices, including the grandfathers of the subsequently Emperors Galba and Otho.^[7]

With Augustus existence the father of just 1 daughter (Julia by Scribonia), Livia revealed herself to be an ambitious mother and presently started to button her ain sons Tiberius and Drusus into ability.^[vii] Drusus was a trusted general and married Augustus' favorite niece, Antonia Minor, having three children: the pop full general Germanicus, Livilla, and the time to come emperor Claudius. Drusus was killed only a few years later dying in 9 BCE.^[12] This was also the aforementioned year in which Livia was honored by the dedication of the Era Pacis Augustae as a birthday present.^[13] Tiberius married Augustus' daughter Julia in xi BC and was ultimately adopted as Augustus' heir in AD 4.

Rumor had it that Livia was behind the death of Augustus' nephew Marcellus in 23 BC.^[14] After Julia's two elder sons by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, whom Augustus had adopted as sons and successors, had died, the one remaining son, Agrippa Postumus, was adopted at the aforementioned time equally Tiberius, only later Agrippa Postumus was sent into exile and finally killed. Tacitus charges that Livia was not altogether innocent of these deaths^[fifteen] and Cassius Dio besides mentions such rumours.^[16] There are besides rumors mentioned past Tacitus and Cassius Dio that Livia brought near Augustus' expiry by poisoning fresh figs, although modern historians view this as unlikely.^{[17] [18]} Augustus' granddaughter was Julia the Younger. Sometime between AD 1 and 14, her married man Lucius Aemilius Paullus was executed every bit a conspirator in a defection.^[xix] Modern historians theorize that Julia's exile was not actually for adultery just for interest in Paullus' revolt.^[xx] Livia Drusilla plotted against her stepdaughter'southward family and ruined them. This led to open up pity for the fallen family. Julia died in AD 29 on the same isle where she had been sent in exile 20 years earlier.^[21]

Life afterward Augustus, death, and backwash [edit]

Sardonyx cameo of Livia with the bust of the Divus Augustus (Vienna)

Augustus died on August xix AD 14, existence deified past the Senate shortly afterward. In his will, he left ane third of his property to Livia, and the other two thirds to Tiberius. In the volition, he also adopted her into the Julian family unit and granted her the honorific title of Augusta. These dispositions permitted Livia to maintain her status and ability after her husband's expiry, under the new name of Julia Augusta. Tacitus and Cassius Dio wrote that rumours persisted that Augustus was poisoned by Livia, merely these are mainly dismissed as malicious fabrications spread past political enemies of the dynasty. The most famous of these rumors was that Livia, unable to poison his nutrient in the kitchens considering Augustus insisted on only eating figs picked fresh from his garden, smeared each fruit with poison while still on the tree to pre-empt him.^[22] In Imperial times, a variety of fig cultivated in Roman gardens was called the Liviana, perhaps considering of her reputed horticultural abilities, or every bit a tongue-in-cheek reference to this rumor.^[23]

For some time, Livia and her son Tiberius, the new Emperor, appeared to get along with each other. Speaking against her became treason in Advertizing 20, and in AD 24 he granted his mother a theater seat among the Vestal Virgins. Livia exercised unofficial but very real ability in Rome. Somewhen, Tiberius became resentful of his female parent'southward political condition, particularly confronting the thought that it was she who had given him the throne. At the starting time of his reign Tiberius vetoed the unprecedented title Mater Patriae ("Mother of the Fatherland") that the Senate wished to bestow upon her, in the same manner in which Augustus had been named Pater Patriae ("Father of the Fatherland")^[7] (Tiberius also consistently refused the championship of Pater Patriae for himself).

Livia Drusilla statue, from Paestum

The historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio depict an overweening, even domineering dowager, ready to interfere in Tiberius' decisions. The most notable instances were the instance of Urgulania (grandmother of Claudius'southward first wife Plautia Urgulanilla), a adult female who correctly assumed that her friendship with the empress placed her above the law;^{[24] [25]} and Munatia Plancina, suspected of murdering Germanicus and saved at Livia'due south entreaty.^[26] (Plancina committed suicide in Advertising 33 later being accused again of murder later Livia's decease.) A observe from Advertising 22 records that Julia Augusta (Livia) dedicated a statue to Augustus in the center of Rome, placing her ain name even before that of Tiberius.

Aboriginal historians give as a reason for Tiberius' retirement to Capri his inability to endure his mother any longer.^{[24] [27]} Until Advert 22 at that place had, co-ordinate to Tacitus, been "a genuine harmony between mother and son, or a hatred well curtained;"^[28] Dio tells us that at the time of his accession already Tiberius heartily loathed her.^[29] In AD 22 she had fallen ill, and Tiberius hastened back to Rome in order to be with her.^[28] But in Advert 29 when she finally roughshod ill and died, he remained on Capri, pleading pressure of work and sending Caligula to deliver the funeral oration.^{[xxx] [31] [32]} Suetonius adds the macabre detail that "when she died... afterwards a filibuster of several days, during which he held out hope of his coming, [she was at last] buried because the status of the corpse made information technology necessary...". Divine honors he also vetoed, stating that this was in accord with her own instructions. After he vetoed all the honors the Senate had granted her after her death and cancelled the fulfillment of her will.^[32]

It was non until thirteen years afterward, in AD 42 during the reign of her grandson Claudius, that all her honors were restored and her deification finally completed. She was named Diva Augusta (The Divine Augusta), and an elephant-drawn chariot conveyed her paradigm to all public games. A statue of her was fix in the Temple of Augustus along with her married man's, races were held in her laurels, and women were to invoke her proper name in their sacred oaths. Her and Augustus' tomb was later sacked at an unknown engagement.

Her Villa advertizing Gallinas Albas n of Rome is currently being excavated; its famous frescoes of imaginary garden views may exist seen at the National Museum of Rome.^[33] One of the well-nigh famous statues of Augustus (the Augustus of Prima Porta) came from the grounds of the villa.

Personality [edit]

While reporting diverse unsavory hearsay, the aboriginal sources mostly portray Livia as a adult female of proud and queenly attributes, faithful to her purple husband, for whom she was a worthy espoused, forever poised and dignified. With complete skill she acted out the roles of consort, mother, widow and dowager. Dio records two of her utterances: "Once, when some naked men met her and were to be put to death in consequence, she saved their lives past saying that to a chaste adult female such men are in no manner dissimilar from statues. When someone asked her how she had obtained such a commanding influence over Augustus, she answered that information technology was by existence scrupulously chaste herself, doing gladly whatever pleased him, not meddling with any of his diplomacy, and, in particular, past pretending neither to hear nor to observe the favourites of his passion."^[34]

With time however, some thought that with widowhood, a haughtiness and an overt craving for ability and the outward trappings of status came increasingly to the fore.^{[ citation needed ]} Livia had always been a main beneficiary of the climate of applause that Augustus had washed so much to create, and which Tiberius despised ("a strong antipathy for honours", Tacitus, Annals 4.37). In Advertizement 24, typically, whenever she attended the theatre, a seat amongst the Vestals was reserved for her (Annals 4.16), and this may have been intended more as an honor for the Vestals than for her (cf. Ovid, Tristia, 4.2.13f, Epist. ex Ponto iv.13.29f).

Livia played a vital role in the formation of her children Tiberius and Drusus. Attention focuses on her part in the divorce of her first husband, father of Tiberius, in 39/38 BC. It would be interesting to know her office in this, as well equally in Tiberius' divorce of Vipsania Agrippina in 12 BC at Augustus' insistence: whether it was just neutral or passive, or whether she actively colluded in Caesar's wishes. The showtime divorce left Tiberius a foster child at the house of Octavian; the 2d left Tiberius with a lasting emotional scar, since he had been forced to abandon the adult female he loved for dynastic considerations.

In literature and popular civilization [edit]

In ancient literature [edit]

Historical picture in the direction of the vineyards by the sea betwixt Prosecco and Barcola where the Empress' favorite wine was grown

The ancient sources all concur that Livia was Augustus' best confidant and counselor, only the extent of her influence and scheming remained disputed due to the numerous attempts by her political enemies to defame her dynasty. According to Suetonius, who had access to imperial records, Augustus would write down lists of items to be discussed with Livia, so have careful notes of her replies to be consulted once more later.^[35]

In Tacitus' Annals, meanwhile, Livia is famously depicted as having smashing influence, to the extent where she "had the aged Augustus firmly under control—and so much and then that he exiled his only surviving grandson to the isle of Planasia";^[36] Tacitus goes on to call her "a existent ending to the nation as a mother, and to the firm of the Caesars as a stepmother" and "a compliant wife, but an overbearing mother".^[37]

Livia's epitome appears in ancient visual media such every bit coins and portraits. She was the first woman to announced on provincial coins in 16 BC and her portrait images can exist chronologically identified partially from the progression of her hair designs, which represented more than keeping up with the fashions of the time as her delineation with such contemporary details translated into a political statement of representing the ideal Roman woman. Livia's image evolves with different styles of portraiture that trace her consequence on majestic propaganda that helped bridge the gap betwixt her function as wife to the emperor Augustus, to mother of the emperor Tiberius. Becoming more than than the "cute adult female" she is described as in ancient texts, Livia serves equally a public epitome for the idealization of Roman feminine qualities, a motherly figure, and eventually a goddesslike representation that alludes to her virtue. Livia'due south power in symbolizing the renewal of the Republic with the female virtues Pietas and Concordia in public displays had a dramatic effect on the visual representation of time to come imperial women as ideal, honorable mothers and wives of Rome.^[38] Livia likewise restored the temple fo the Bona Dea. ^[39]

Livia is mentioned by Pliny the Elder, who describes the vines of the Pulcino wine ("Vinum Pucinum" - today at best "Prosecco"). This so special and rare wine from the sunny slopes northeast of Barcola in the direction of the identify Prosecco or Duino (- near the celebrated identify Castellum Pucinum) was co-ordinate to Pliny the favorite wine of the Empress Livia. She is said to take loved this Vinum Pucinum for its medicinal properties and at the finish of her long life (she was 87) she attributed her erstwhile age to the regular consumption of this wine and recommended it to anybody as an "elixir for a long life".^{[forty] [41] [42]}

In modern literature [edit]

In the popular fictional work I, Claudius by Robert Graves—based on Tacitus' innuendo—Livia is portrayed as a thoroughly Machiavellian, scheming political mastermind. Adamant never to allow republican governance to bloom again, as she felt they led to corruption and civil war, and devoted to bringing Tiberius to power and then maintaining him at that place, she is involved in nearly every decease or disgrace in the Julio-Claudian family unit up to the time of her expiry. On her deathbed she only fears divine punishment for all she had done, and secures the hope of future deification by her grandson Claudius, an act which, she believes, will guarantee her a beatific afterlife. However, this portrait of her is balanced by her intense devotion to the well-beingness of the Empire equally a whole, and her machinations are justified equally a necessarily cruel means to what she firmly considers a noble aspiration: the common good of the Romans, achievable simply nether strict imperial rule. In the 1976 BBC television serial based on the volume, Livia was played by Siân Phillips. Phillips won a BAFTA for her portrayal of the role.

In the ITV goggle box series The Caesars, Livia was played by Sonia Dresdel.

Livia was dramatized in the HBO/BBC series Rome. Introduced in the 2007 episode "A Necessary Fiction", Livia (Alice Henley) soon catches the center of young Octavian. Rome does acknowledge the existence of Livia'due south child, Tiberius, by her kickoff husband, but non that she was meaning with Nero Claudius Drusus when she met Octavian. Livia is portrayed as deceptively submissive in public, while in private she possesses an fe volition, and a gift for political scheming that matches Atia'due south.

In John Maddox Roberts's brusk story "The King of Sacrifices," set up in his SPQR series, Livia hires Decius Metellus to investigate the murder of one of Julia the Elderberry's lovers.

In Antony and Cleopatra past Colleen McCullough, Livia is portrayed as a cunning and effective counselor to her husband, whom she loves passionately.

Livia plays an important role in two Marcus Corvinus mysteries by David Wishart, Ovid (1995) and Germanicus (1997). She is mentioned posthumously in Sejanus (1998).

Luke Devenish's "Empress of Rome" novels, Den of Wolves (2008) and Nest of Vipers (2010), have Livia as a central character in a fictionalized business relationship of her life and times.

In the Sky Atlantic TV series Domina (2021), Livia was played by Meadow Nobrega, Nadia Parkes and Kasia Smutniak.^[43]

Descendants [edit]

Although her marriage with Augustus produced only i pregnancy, which miscarried, through her sons by her kickoff married man, Tiberius and Drusus, she is a direct antecedent of all of the Julio-Claudian emperors besides as most of the extended Julio-Claudian royal family. The line possibly connected for at least another century later on the dynasty'due south downfall through the son and grandson of Livia'due south great-slap-up-granddaughter Rubellia Bassa (see below); notwithstanding, it is unknown whether or not this line was connected or if it became extinct.

1. Tiberius Claudius Nero (Tiberius Julius Caesar), 42 BC – Advertizement 37, had ii children

A. Drusus Julius Caesar, fourteen BC – AD 23, had 3 children

I. Julia Livia, before Advert xiv– AD 43, had four children

a. Gaius Rubellius Plautus, 33–62, had several children^[44]

b. Rubellia Bassa, built-in between 33 and 38, had at least 1 child^[45]

i. Octavius Laenas, had at least one child

i. Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus

c. Gaius Rubellius Blandus

d. Rubellius Drusus

II. Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero Gemellus, 19 – 37 or 38, died without consequence

Iii. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Germanicus Two Gemellus, nineteen–23, died young

B. Tiberillus, died young

ii. Nero Claudius Drusus 38–9 BC, had three children

A. Germanicus Julius Caesar, 15 BC – Advert 19, had half dozen children

I. Nero Julius Caesar Germanicus, six–30/31, died without issue

2. Drusus Julius Caesar Germanicus, 8–33, died without issue

3. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula), 12–41, had one child

a. Julia Drusilla, 39–41, died immature

IV. Julia Agrippina (Agrippina the Younger), 15–59, had 1 kid

a. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus), 37–68, had one child

i. Claudia Augusta, January–April 63, died young

V. Julia Drusilla, 16–38, died without outcome

6. Julia Livilla, 18–42, died without issue

B. Claudia Livia Julia (Livilla), thirteen BC – Advertising 31, had three children

I. run into children of Drusus Julius Caesar listed above^[46]

C. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, 10 BC – Advertisement 54, had four children

I. Tiberius Claudius Drusus, died young

2. Claudia Antonia, c. xxx–66, had 1 child

a. a son, died immature

3. Claudia Octavia, 39 or xl – 62, died without issue

Iv. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, 41–55, died without issue

See also [edit]

• Julio-Claudian family tree

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Barrett, Anthony A. (2002). "Appendix 5: Livia's Birthdate". Livia: Kickoff Lady of Imperial Rome. Yale University Press. pp. 309–310. ISBN9780300102987. JSTOR j.ctt1nq0jw.
2. ^ For Livia's portraiture and representations, meet: Rolf Winkes, Livia, Octavia, Iulia – Porträts und Darstellungen, Archaeologia Transatlantica XIII, Louvain-la-Neuve and Providence, 1995.
3. ^ Chrystal, Paul (2017). "five: Livia Drusilla (58 BC–Advertisement 29)". Roman Women: The Women who influenced the History of Rome. Fonthill Media.
4. ^ Istituto italiana per la storia antica (1968). Miscellanea Greca east Romana. Studi pubblicati dall'Istituto italiano per la storia antica. Vol. 2–3. Rome: Academy of Wisconsin - Madison. pp. 352–353.
5. ^ Livia, First pLady of Imperial Rome by Anthony A Barrett, Yale University Printing.
6. ^ Fraschetti, Augusto (2001). "Livia the Politician". In Fraschetti, Fraschetti (ed.). Roman Women. Translated by Lappin, Linda. Chicago & London: Academy of Chicago Printing. pp. 100–102. ISBN9780226260945.
7. ^ ^{a b c d e} Hurley, D. (1999). "Livia (Wife of Augustus)." Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors.
8. ^ Cassius Dio Roman History. 48.34.iii. (Vol. Half dozen, Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917. Harvard University Printing. Translation by Earnest Cary)
9. ^ Flory, Marleen B. "Livia and the History of Public Honorific Statues for Women in Rome." Transactions of the American Philological Association, vol. 123, [Johns Hopkins Academy Press, American Philological Clan], 1993, pp. 287–308, https://doi.org/10.2307/284333.
10. ^ Flory, Marleen B. "Livia and the History of Public Honorific Statues for Women in Rome." Transactions of the American Philological Clan, vol. 123, [Johns Hopkins Academy Press, American Philological Association], 1993, pp. 287–308, https://doi.org/10.2307/284333.
11. ^ Cassius Dio 48.44.1–3
12. ^ Flory, Marleen B. "Livia and the History of Public Honorific Statues for Women in Rome." Transactions of the American Philological Association, vol. 123, [Johns Hopkins Academy Press, American Philological Association], 1993, pp. 287–308, https://doi.org/ten.2307/284333.
13. ^ Flory, Marleen B. "Livia and the History of Public Honorific Statues for Women in Rome." Transactions of the American Philological Association, vol. 123, [Johns Hopkins Academy Press, American Philological Association], 1993, pp. 287–308, https://doi.org/ten.2307/284333.
14. ^ Cassius Dio 55.33.4
15. ^ Tacitus Annals. 1.3; 1.half-dozen. (The Works of Tacitus tr. by Alfred John Church building and William Jackson Brodribb 1864–1877),
16. ^ Cassius Dio 53.33.4, 55.10A, 55.32; 57.3.6
17. ^ Tacitus Annals 1.5
18. ^ Cassius Dio 55.22.2; 56.30
19. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Caesars, Life of Augustus 19
20. ^ Norwood, Frances, "The Riddle of Ovid'south Relegatio" Classical Philology (1963) p. 154
21. ^ Tacitus, Ann. Four, 71
22. ^ Cassius Dio. Roman History 54.30.
23. ^ Mary Beard (2014). Confronting the Classics. p. 131.
24. ^ ^{a b} Cassius Dio, 57.12
25. ^ Tacitus, ii.34
26. ^ Tacitus, 3.17
27. ^ Tacitus, four.57
28. ^ ^{a b} Tacitus, iii.6eirca4
29. ^ Cassius Dio, 57.three.3
30. ^ Tacitus, 5.one
31. ^ Cassius Dio, 58.2
32. ^ ^{a b} Suetonius. Vita Tiberii. (The Life of Tiberius) 51.
33. ^ Lusnia, Susann South. (29 October 2016). "Review of: The Villa of Livia Ad Gallinas Albas. A Written report in the Augustan Villa and Garden. Archaeologica Transatlantica XX". BMCR . Retrieved 29 Oct 2016 – via Bryn Mawr Classical Review.
34. ^ Cassius Dio, 58.two.5
35. ^ Suetonius. "Life of Augustus"; "Life of Tiberius"; "Life of Claudius," in The Twelve Caesars. Translated past Robert Graves, 1957. Revised past Michael Grant, 1979. NY: Viking Penguin, 1986.
36. ^ Tacitus (2004-09-01). The Annals. Hackett Publishing. ISBN9781603840156.
37. ^ Tacitus. Annals of Regal Rome. Translated by Michael Grant. NY: Viking Penguin, 1987.
38. ^ I Claudia II: Women in Roman art and social club. Edited by Diana Eastward. E. Kleiner and Susan B. Matheson Yale Academy Art Gallery. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000.
39. ^ Flory, Marleen B. "Livia and the History of Public Honorific Statues for Women in Rome." Transactions of the American Philological Association, vol. 123, [Johns Hopkins University Press, American Philological Association], 1993, pp. 287–308, https://doi.org/10.2307/284333.
40. ^ Pliny "The natural history of Caius Plinius Secundus" (approx. AD 77), 3rd volume, 14th volume.
41. ^ Zeno Saracino, „Pompei in miniatura": la storia di „Vallicula" o Barcola", In: Trieste All News, 2018-09-29.
42. ^ PLIN. Nat. Fourteen, 6: Iulia Augusta LXXXVI annos vitae Pucino vino rettulit acceptos, non alio usa. Gignitur in sinu Hadriatici maris not procul a Timavo fonte, saxoso colle, maritimo adflatu paucas coquente anforas … nec aliud aptius medicamentis indicatur.
43. ^ "The truth behind Ancient Rome'south most controversial adult female". BBC. 7 May 2021.
44. ^ Their names are unknown, simply it is known that all of them were killed by Nero, thus descent from this line is extinct.
45. ^ Sir Ronald Syme claims that Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus, consul in 131 under Emperor Hadrian, set up a dedication to his grandmother, Rubellia Bassa.
46. ^ Drusus Julius Caesar, Tiberius' son, married Livilla, Nero Claudius Drusus' daughter, who was the female parent of his three children.

Further reading [edit]

• Adler, Eric (2011). "Cassius Dio's Livia and the Conspiracy of Cinna Magnus" (PDF). Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 51 (ane): 133–154. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-ten.
• Bartman, Elizabeth (1999). Portraits of Livia: Imaging the Regal Woman in Augustan Rome. ISBN9780521583947.
• Barrett, Anthony A. (2001). "Tacitus, Livia and the evil stepmother". Rheinisches Museum für Philologie. 144 (ii): 171–175. JSTOR 41234489.
• ————————— (2002). Livia: Get-go Lady of Majestic Rome. Cambridge: Yale Academy Printing. ISBN9780300102987. JSTOR j.ctt1nq0jw.
• Beard, Mary (2013). Confronting the Classics: Traditions, Adventures and Innovations. New York: Westward.W. Norton. ISBN9780871407160.
• Bertolazzi, Riccardo (2015). "Depiction of Livia and Julia Domna past Cassius Dio" (PDF). Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 55 (1–4): 413–432. doi:10.1556/068.2015.55.1-four.28.
• Dennison, Matthew (2011). Livia, Empress of Rome: A Biography. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN978-0312658649.
• Minaud, Gérard (2012). "La vie de Livie, femme d'Auguste" [The life of Livia, wife of Augustus]. Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romain – Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés [The Lives of 12 Roman Emperor's Wives - Duty, Intrigue & Pleasure] (in French). Paris: Fifty'Harmattan. pp. 13–38. ISBN978-ii-336-00291-0.
• Kunst, Christiane (2009). "Das Liviabild im Wandel" [The prototype of Livia in flux]. In Losemann, Volker (ed.). Alte Geschichte zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik: Gedenkschrift Karl Christ [Ancient history betwixt science and politics: Gedenkschrift Karl Christ]. Philippika: Marburger altertumskundliche Abhandlungen (in High german). Vol. 29. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 313–336. ISBN978-3-447-05905-3.
• Winkes, Rolf (1995). Livia, Octavia, Iulia: Porträts und Darstellungen [Livia, Octavia, Iulia: portraits and representations]. Archaeologia transatlantica (in German). Vol. 13. Providence & Louvain-la-Neuve: Brownish University. OCLC 37599354.

External links [edit]

• As goddess and priestess of Demeter
• Portraits of Livia
• Livia: Beloved and Politics (in castilian)

hedrickeaspost.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livia

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